What is facet joint degeneration?
Facet joint degeneration describes the wear and tear of the small joints found between the vertebrae of the spine. These joints, known as facet joints, keep the spine moving and stable.
Over time, wear and strain can cause changes to these joints. When the wear is more advanced, it is sometimes called facet joint arthrosis.
Think of the facet joints like tiny hinges that help the spine move and stay supported. Over time, these hinges can wear down, which can lead to pain and reduced movement. Facet joint degeneration is a natural part of ageing, but other factors can play a role too.
Causes and risk factors of facet joint degeneration
Several factors can contribute to the wearing down of the facet joints. Age is a key factor, as wear increases over the years. Being overweight puts extra strain on the spine and can speed up the wear. Poor posture and incorrect loading during daily life or work can also overburden the joints. Injuries or accidents can start or speed up the process of degeneration too.
Genetic predisposition also plays a role. Some people naturally have weaker cartilage, which makes them more prone to degeneration. Lack of movement can also weaken the joints, as the muscles that support the spine do not get enough exercise.
Symptoms and possible consequences
The symptoms of facet joint degeneration can vary. Back pain is common, and it often gets worse with certain movements or after sitting or standing for a long time. This pain can spread into the legs or arms, depending on which part of the spine is affected. Morning stiffness or a sharp pain when bending or turning the back are also typical signs.
If left untreated, the degeneration can lead to reduced movement in the spine. In serious cases, instability of the spine can develop, which can cause further problems. Quality of life can also be greatly affected by ongoing pain.
Diagnosis and examination methods
To diagnose facet joint degeneration, a doctor usually starts with a detailed medical history and a physical examination. The movement of the spine and the points of pain are checked. Imaging methods such as X-rays, MRI or CT scans can help to assess the condition of the facet joints more closely and rule out other causes.
In some cases, an injection of anaesthetic into the facet joints may be carried out. If the pain is temporarily relieved by this, it suggests that the facet joints are the source of the pain.
Treatment options and therapy approaches
Treatment for facet joint degeneration depends on how severe the symptoms are. In many cases, a combination of physiotherapy and pain medication can help to ease the discomfort. Physiotherapy strengthens the back muscles and improves movement, while medication reduces inflammation and pain.
In more serious cases, injections of cortisone or hyaluronic acid into the affected joints may be considered, to reduce inflammation and improve joint function. If conservative measures are not enough, surgical treatment may be considered. Procedures such as facet joint denervation may be used, in which the nerve fibres that carry pain signals are destroyed to stop the pain from being passed on.
Prevention and lifestyle changes
To prevent facet joint degeneration or slow its progress, regular movement and physical activity are essential. Targeted back exercises strengthen the muscles and take the load off the spine. A healthy diet and avoiding being overweight can also protect the joints.
Pay attention to good posture in daily life and avoid one-sided strain. Ergonomic furniture and aids can help to take pressure off the spine. If symptoms persist, it is important to see a doctor early, so that suitable steps can be taken to maintain quality of life.
